Sex determination in cannabis is a complex interaction between genetics (XX female, XY male) and environmental factors. Genetic predisposition can be influenced by external conditions such as temperature, light intensity, nutrient availability – particularly nitrogen – and humidity.

Certain stress factors, such as light leaks or nutrient deficiencies, can also trigger hermaphroditism as a survival response.

The actual development of male or female flowers is influenced by plant hormones: ethylene promotes female flower development, while gibberellins promote male flower development.

Conclusion

Although genetics provide the foundation, growers can reduce environmental stress and optimize growing conditions – for example, by maintaining suitable temperatures and ensuring balanced nutrient availability – to support healthy plant development and reduce the risk of unwanted hermaphroditism.